FROM PAGE 12

The first involves former colonial powers -- France, England, the Netherlands -- who recruited labour from their colonies to rebuild postwar Europe. Decades later, the children and grandchildren of those migrants are now representing the countries their families helped reconstruct.

Kylian Mbappe, born in Paris to a father with roots in Cameroon and a French-born mother of Algerian Kabyle descent, is a product of this history. So is Marcus Rashford of England, whose paternal grandparents came from the Caribbean as part of the Windrush generation in the 1950s, answering Britain’s call for postwar labour.

Seven players from the Netherlands trace their heritage to Suriname, which the Dutch ruled from 1667 to 1975.

Germany’s postwar economic boom relied on millions of foreign workers, particularly from Turkiye, Morocco and Yugoslavia. That history is visible in their squad today. Deniz Undav, who scored the winner against Ivory Coast on June 21, has roots in both Turkey and Syria.

The second pattern belongs to nations built on successive waves of immigration. Australia, New Zealand and the United States each have at least 12 foreign-heritage players in their squad. Multi-cultural Canada’s 20 players trace their heritage to at least 14 countries, including Ghana, Ireland, Jamaica and Haiti.

Switzerland, despite its modest size, named 16 foreign-heritage players. Captain Granit Xhaka was born into an ethnic Albanian family from Kosovo. Breel Embolo, who scored in their opener against Qatar, is of Cameroonian origin. The squad mirrors the country itself: roughly 30 percent of Switzerland’s population is foreign-born.

Foreign-heritage players also carry stories of displacement. Alphonso Davies was born in a Ghanaian refugee camp to parents who had fled civil war in Liberia; he was five when his family resettled in Edmonton, Canada. Australia’s Awer Mabil was born in a Kenyan refugee camp in 1995 to parents who escaped political violence in Sudan.

The global diaspora has reshaped not just wealthy footballing nations. Comparatively smaller teams are now fielding sides built on players raised and developed in Europe. Almost half of Morocco’s players were born in Spain and France, the two powers that colonised Morocco in the first half of the 20th century.

Morocco’s story is not an anomaly. Nearly one in four players at this tournament -- 292 of the 1,248 -- were born outside the country they represent.

A significant number of these players were born, trained, and developed in Europe before beginning their professional careers.

Notably, 124 players at this World Cup began their youth-level international career with one nation before eventually representing another. For many, the decision reflected a return to their family roots.

For example, much like his younger brother Nico Williams, Iñaki Williams began his international career representing Spain. He featured prominently for Spain’s Under-21s until 2022, netting three goals, and even earned a senior cap for La Roja. However, the forward later chose to represent Ghana, the homeland of his parents.

Other prominent players who represented one country at the youth level before making a senior switch include Aaron Wan-Bissaka (England & DR Congo), Ferdi Kadioglu (the Netherlands & Turkiye), Rayan Ait-Nouri (France & Algeria) and Seko Fofana (France & Ivory Coast).

Foreign-born players have, in fact, always featured at World Cups. From the earliest editions through 2018, tournaments averaged around 47 such players. Between 1994 and 2018, that average rose to nearly 72. At the 2022 World Cup, 137 foreign-born players made up nearly 17 percent of all players -- a record at the time. This edition has since surpassed it.

Much of that increase was driven by a change in FIFA’s eligibility rules, which made it easier for players to switch national teams. Previously, even a single youth appearance could tie a player to one country for life.

Under the revised rules, players can switch allegiances if they have made no more than three senior appearances before the age of 21, have never featured in a competitive final of a major international tournament, and at least three years have passed since their last cap for another country.

Brahim Diaz’s switch to Morocco from Spain was made possible because of this revision.

In modern era, the beautiful game illustrates that regardless of where a family’s journey began, the language of the football pitch remains entirely universal.