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Bhattacharya said that the government faces a major challenge in the next national budget due to limited fiscal space, which could shrink further amid rising global fuel prices and the ongoing US-Israel war on Iran.

“Already, the fiscal space of the country is very limited and the debt burden is also high. The higher fuel price may add to the debt burden and squeeze fiscal space further.”

He said that mitigating the energy problem will require greater import dependence, including purchasing liquefied natural gas (LNG) from the spot market at higher prices.

“If the government cannot bring fuel through the Strait of Hormuz, it will have to bring it from anywhere else. So, the costs for fuel import will rise in the coming days, which will raise pressure on the balance of payment and fiscal space of the country.”

This may force the government to take tough decisions, such as reducing taxes and duties on fuel imports, which would again strain fiscal space. “If you don’t have enough fiscal space, how will you manage the spending demands? The government will have to keep more focus on this issue.”

Bhattacharya also linked energy challenges to broader economic concerns.

“The country’s investment and job creation remain weak,” he said. “If the availability of fuel becomes more challenging, if the banking sector remains inefficient, investment and job creation may remain challenging. Food security is also vulnerable to disruptions in fuel and fertiliser supply. If food prices rise, it will directly affect food security.”

On budgeting, he advocated against setting unrealistic targets.

“Whether the next budget will be surreal will be apparent from some of its measures, such as the revenue target. If the government sets an unachievable target, it will make the budget surreal.”

He said that it is one type of “cheating system” of making a budget, realising that it will not be implemented.

“At least 20 percent of the budget is not implemented. So, the target of the NBR’s tax collection and real collection is widening year after year. This is surreal budgeting,” he explained.

He added that unrealistic budgeting also affects public spending and development plans. “We will see whether this government will make a non-achievable revenue target, and make the budget surreal like the previous government.”

Bhattacharya stressed the importance of a prudent budget under hard constraints. “A short-term roadmap is necessary for the ongoing fiscal year, considering the global concern and inheritance of a weak macroeconomic situation.”

He recommended phasing out tax exemptions, broadening the tax net, increasing revenue from state-owned firms, and recovering stolen funds. On spending, he suggested adjusting subsidies, phasing out cash subsidies, limiting loans, offloading state-owned shares, and privatising inactive firms.

“The government should increase tax compliance but reduce the tax rate so that the tax net expands and fiscal space improves. By imposing tax only on income, the situation will not improve in reducing disparity. Wealth and inheritance taxes also need to be imposed.”

He also said that offloading government shares could face bureaucratic resistance. “It is a litmus test for the government.”

On debt, Bhattacharya underscored rising liabilities and the limits of foreign borrowing. “We could have borrowed from the foreign sector to mitigate Bhattacharya also talked about reviewing the recommended pay scale for public employees. The previous interim government finalised a new pay scale at the last moment but left many liabilities unresolved.

The economist recommended that the new government form its own commission to reassess pay scales, considering previous reports only as input.

“There is no scope to accept the proposed pay structure unquestioningly; rather, it should be reviewed carefully and adjusted to a reasonable level.”