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THREE AND A HALF YEARS OF CONFLICT
2011
MARCH 15-16
First protests demanding greater civil liberties and freedom for political prisoners. The regime cracks down heavily in Damascus and Daraa, denouncing "an armed rebellion by Salafist groups".
MARCH 23
Crackdown reportedly kills 100 people in Daraa.
JULY 30
Creation of the Free Syrian Army, made up of civilians who have joined the rebellion, backed by army deserters.
AUGUST 18
Obama and allies urge Assad to quit. Western and Arab states impose sanctions on the regime.
OCTOBER 4
Russia and China veto a draft UN resolution condemning Damascus for the crackdown.
JULY 30
Creation of the Free Syrian Army, made up of civilians who have joined the rebellion, backed by army deserters.
AUGUST 18
Obama and allies urge Assad to quit. Western and Arab states impose sanctions on the regime.
OCTOBER 4
Russia and China veto a draft UN resolution condemning Damascus for the crackdown.
2012
JULY 18
Damascus bombing kills four top security officials, including Assad's brother-in-law.
JULY 20
Rebels launch a major assault on second city Aleppo.
JULY 28
The military launches a counter-offensive.
NOVEMBER 11
The opposition signs a unity deal in Doha to form the National Coalition.
DECEMBER 10
Al-Nusra Front seizes a strategic army base in Aleppo, to the FSA's detriment. 2013
JUNES
The army recaptures the key town of Qusayr after an assault led by fighters from Lebanon's Hezbollah.
AUGUST 21
Troops launch an offensive in the Damascus suburbs.The opposition accuses the army of chemical weapons strikes around the capital, where hundreds are killed.The government denies responsibility and blames rebels.
SEPTEMBER 14
Washington and Moscow agree on a plan to eliminate Syria's chemical weapons by the middle of 2014, putting off the threat of punitive strikes against the Assad regime by Washington and Paris.
2014
JANUARY 22
In Geneva, the warring parties sit down for the first time to seek a political settlement. On February 15, a second round of talks ends without result.
MAY 9
Syrian troops enter the Old City of Homs. Rebels withdraw.
JUNE3
Assad wins a new seven-year term in a poll, held only in government-held areas, branded "illegitimate" by the opposition and a "non-election" by Washington.
JUNE 29
Jihadists from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), declare a "caliphate".They rename themselves the Islamic State (IS).
SEPTEMBER 23
The US and Arab allies launch strikes against IS militants SOURCE: AFP