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Detailed map ofhuman genome made

BBC ONLINE
Scientists have published the most detailed analysis to date of the human genome.
They have discovered a far larger chunk of our genetic code is biologically active than previously thought.
The researchers hope the findings will lead to a deeper understanding of numerous diseases, which could lead to better treatments. transferofhugepublic funds into the personal accounts of the Destiny directors and its management committee members.
More than 400 scientists in 32 laboratories in the UK, US, Spain, Singapore and Japan were involved.
Their findings are published in 30 connected open-access papers appearing in three journals, Nature, Genome Biology and Genome Research.
The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (Encode) was launched in 2003 with the goal of identifying all the functional elements within the human genome.
A pilot project looking at 1 percent of the genome was published in 2007.
Now the Encode project has analysed all three billion pairs of genetic code that make up our DNA.
They have found 80 percent of our genome is performing a specific function.
Up to now, most attention has been focused on protein-coding genes, which make up just 2 percent of the genome.
Genes are small sections of DNA that contain instructions for which chemicals -proteins - they should produce.
The Encode team analysed the vast area of the genome sometimes called
"junk DNA" because it seemed to have little function and was poorly understood.
Dr Ewan Birney, of the European Bioinformatics Institute in Cambridge, who led the analysis, told me: "The term junk DNA must now be junked.”
"It's clear from this research that a far bigger part of the genome is biologically active than was previously thought.”
The scientists also identi-fied four million gene "switches". These are sections of DNA that control when genes are switched on or off in cells.
They said the switches were often a long way along the genome from the gene they controlled.
Dr Birney said: "This will help in our understanding of human biology. Many of the switches we have identified are linked to changes in risk for conditions from heart disease to diabetes or mental illness. This will give researchers a whole new world to explore and ultimately, it's hoped, will lead to new treatments."
Scientists acknowledge that it is likely to be many years before patients see tangible benefits from the project.
But another of the Encode team, Dr Ian Dunham said the data could ultimately be of help in every area of disease research.