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ILO report reveals shocking details on coercion
ILO has published a new study on the patterns of forced labour worldwide. The International Labour Office (ILO) says the "opportunity cost" of coercion to the workers affected reaches over USD 20 billion per year.
The new report, entitled The Cost of Coercion also details the growing number of unethical, fraudulent and criminal practices that can lead people into situations of forced labour, and calls for increased efforts to eradicate the practices. The report also charts the significant progress on the international and national levels in reducing and preventing forced labour, but warns of the possible impact of the global economic and jobs crisis.
"Forced labour is the antithesis of decent work", said ILO Director-General Juan Somavia. "It causes untold human suffering and steals from its victims. Modern forced labour can be eradicated, providing there is a sustained commitment by the international community, working together with government, employers, workers and civil society." This presents a powerful economic argument, as well as a moral imperative, as to why governments must now accord higher priority to these concerns.
Noting that it was being issued amid the worst economic and financial crisis for many decades, the ILO report added that "in such a crisis situation, it is the vulnerable who suffer the most. At such times it is all the more necessary to ensure that adjustments are not made at the expense of the safeguards that have been painstakingly put in place to prevent forced labour and trafficking abuse in supply chains".
The study paints a mixed picture of global efforts to combat forced labour. While most countries have introduced legislation that deals with forced labour as a criminal offence and the issue itself is no longer hidden or taboo, others are finding it difficult to identify cases of abuse, let alone define the adequate policy responses.
The report points out that among the intensified international and national efforts to reduce and prevent forced labour, are new laws and policies at national and regional level as well as a growing provision of social protection for those most at risk of forced labour and trafficking.
"Most forced labour is still found in developing countries, often in the informal economy and in isolated regions with poor infrastructure, labour inspection and law enforcement", the report says. "This can only be tackled through integrated policies and programmes, mixing law enforcement with proactive measures of prevention and protection, and empowering those at risk of forced labour to defend their own rights." "We must never forget that forced labour is a serious criminal offence that requires criminal punishment" said Roger Plant, head of the ILO's Special Action Programme to combat Forced Labour. "But we must also remember that forced labour is often poorly defined in national legislation, making it difficult to address the multiple subtle ways in which workers can be denied their freedom. The challenge is to address these problems in an integrated way, through prevention and law enforcement, using both labour and criminal justice".
Forced Labour: Facts and Figures -Asia
Asia accounts for by far the biggest share of the world's forced labourers. Many are migrants, either from elsewhere in Asia or their home country. The ILO currently views three issues with particular concern: Persistence of bonded labour systems, particularly in South Asia, despite longstanding legislation to ban and punish such practices as well as efforts to identify, release and rehabilitate bonded labourers.
Widespread trafficking of children and adults, for both sexual and labour exploitation. Continued use of forced labour by the State and official institutions, notably in Myanmar. Research has also shown the existence of forced labour in sectors that had escaped previous attention, including Thailand's shrimp, fishing and seafood processing industries and shrimp production in Bangladesh.
The challenge of bonded labour: Bonded labour exists in a range of sectors, including both those facing extreme competitive pressures, such as handloom weaving and rice mills, and those expanding rapidly, such as brick kilns and stone quarrying. Bonded labourers, and sometimes their families, lose their freedom to choose employment through a system of loans or advance payments for work. In Tamil Nadu, India, for example, labour agents (maistries) pay substantial wage advances to brick kiln workers at the start of a season, often equivalent to three to seven months of a family’s earnings. Work days can last up to 16 hours and there is a six-day week. At the end of the season, when piece rate wages are calculated, these often do not cover the advance, obliging workers to return to the same kiln the following season. Meanwhile, labour agents receive a commission from kiln owners on every thousand bricks produced. Bonded labour is also found in Nepal, including in the Haliya or "tiller” system affecting an estimated 20,000 people in far western Nepal. It also persists in Pakistan, especially in the agricultural and brick-kiln sectors.
Recent years have seen some progress in improving the situation of bonded labourers. Unionisation of brick kiln workers has increased wages in some cases, with unionised workers in Punjab, India earning up to onequarter more than official wages and receiving benefits including health care.
Moreover, the ILO is working with Indian government and state authorities along with worker and employer organizations on a programme in Tamil Nadu. Among the objectives are to make the advance payment system more transparent and to improve social protection and working conditions. The government of Punjab province in Pakistan is also, with ILO support, embarking on an integrated programme to combat bonded labour in brickkilns.
Exploitative Practices: Abusive recruitment systems exist throughout Asia, affecting both internal migrants and those moving greater distances from their home country or region to places such as the Gulf States and the U.S. Much recruitment, whether through private agencies or informal networks, is inadequately regulated, with unlawful activities such as human trafficking all too frequent. Also of concern, however, are coercive practices that may not be explicitly against the law. These include payments to recruiters that can result in severe indebtedness over longperiods.
Some of the highest recruitment payments in the world are found in China, with research showing that workers can pay as much as 2.5 times their expected annual income in recruitment fees to obtain jobs in the U.S. In Indonesia, meanwhile, domestic workers in holding centres sign documents before departure indicating their willingness to have salary deductions paid directly by the employer to the recruitment agency. In some case these payments account for as much as 90 per cent of the worker's salary during the first five months of overseas employment.
Such situations point to a need for better official oversight of recruitment agencies and their practices. Moreover, the establishment of more legally regulated agencies could make informal systems that are outside the law less attractive to workers and employers.
ILO research in China has found other coercive practices that constitute different forms of forced labour. These include confinement of workers, employees forced into hazardous working conditions (especially in mining), some cases of compulsory overtime that amount to forced labour and unlawful deductions or withholding of wages by employers and recruiting agents. A new labour contract law was recently adopted, prohibiting these forms of forced labour. Moreover, penal laws have been progressively amended to punish the exaction of different forms of forced labour. With ILO assistance, Chinese employers' organizations have addressed forced labour through self-regulation and the adoption of a new Code of Practice Preventing Forced Labour and Trafficking in Persons. Capacity building has also been provided to Chinese workers' organizations to identify and provide protection for victims of forced labour.
Source: International Labour Office.