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Key firms in crisis
Countrywide Financial
The largest US mortgage lender, California-based Countrywide, suffered heavy losses as loan delinquencies began to rise. In January, Bank of America agreed to pay four billion dollars in shares for Countrywide.
Bear Stearns
The first big Wall Street investment firm to fall victim to the crisis, Bear Stearns saw its finances ravaged by vast losses tied to mortgage-backed securities and its share price plunged when it lost access to credit. A deal engineered by US authorities on March 16 allowed JPMorgan Chase to take over Bear Stearns for $1 billion.
Fannie Mae/Freddie Mac
Two government-chartered, shareholder-owned mortgage finance giants were in danger of collapse from the troubles in the housing sector. A law passed by Congress in July authorised a special government line of credit to the two firms, and allowed them access to Federal Reserve loans. But a meltdown in their share prices prompted the government to nationalise the firms.
Lehman Brothers
Lehman Brothers faced a crisis of confidence because of its exposure to risky real estate assets. A weekend of crisis talks in September involving the Federal Reserve and US Treasury failed to find a buyer, and Lehman filed for bankruptcy protection September 15. British-based Barclays agreed to buy some of its US operations while Japan's Nomura Holdings bought Lehman operations in Asia, Europe and the Middle East.
Merrill Lynch
As Lehman Brothers appeared on the verge of collapse, its Wall Street rival Merrill Lynch struck a deal on September 15 to sell itself to Bank of America for around $50 billion in shares. Merrill had already written off 52 billion dollars in losses in the subprime mortgage crisis.
A1G
American International Group had major exposure to financial instruments called credit default swaps, a form of market insurance against the risks of bond default, placing the company at risk when the US real estate market soured. The Federal Reserve agreed on September 16 to an 85-billion-dollar loan, in exchange for a 79.9 percent equity slake in the company.
Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley
Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley remained the last two major independent Wall Street investment banks, but their shares were under pressure because of their exposure to real estate and difficult credit conditions. On September 21, they received Federal Reserve approval to convert to commercial banks. Goldman Sachs got an equity investment of five billion dollars from the holding company of billionaire Warren Buffett Morgan Stanley sold a 20 percent stake to Japanese bank Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group.
Washington Mutual
Washington Mutual, a large savings and loan based in Seattle, Washington state, had been under pressure because of real estate losses. On September 25, US regulators took over the thrift, in the largest bank failure in US history, but also brokered a deal giving its banking assets to JPMorgan Chase for 1.9 billion dollars.
Source: AFP