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Landscape architecture through the ages
AS early as the 3rd millennium BC, the Egyptians planted gardens within the walled enclosures surrounding their homes. In time these gardens came to be formally laid out around a rectangular fish pond flanked by orderly rows of fruit trees and ornamental plants, as seen in tomb paintings.
In Mesopotamia, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon were one of the Seven Wonders of the World. They included full-size trees planted on earth-covered terraces raised on stone vaults in a corner of the palace complex of Nebuchadnezzar II. In the highlands to the north, the Assyrians and Persians developed great tree-filled parks for hunting on horseback. They also planned rectangular walled formal gardens, irrigated by pools and canals and shaded by trees, usually set in vast barren plains. These gardens symbolized paradise and inspired Persian carpet designs.
In ancient Greece, sacred groves were preserved as the habitats of divinities. Greek houses included a walled court or garden usually surrounded by a colonnade. In 5th C. BC Athens, public gardens and colonnaded walks attached to the Academy (school) and the Lyceum (gymnasium) were much frequented by philosophers and their disciples.
Roman houses, similar to Greek houses, included a colonnaded garden, as depicted in wall paintings at Pompeii. Villas on the hilly terrain near Rome were designed with terraced gardens. Rich Romans, such as Lucullus, Maecenas, and Sallust, laid out lavish pleasure grounds including porticoes, banqueting halls, and sculpture. The vast grounds of the Emperor Hadrian's villa near Tivoli (2nd C. AD) were magnificently landscaped. The Roman populace enjoyed gardens attached to the public baths.
The Muslims, living where the climate is generally hot and dry, were inspired by the desert oasis and the ancient Persian paradise garden centred on water. Muslim gardens were usually one or more enclosed courts surrounded by cool arcades and planted with trees and shrubs. They were enlivened with coloured tile-work, fountains and pools, and the interplay of light and shade. Before the 15th century, the Moors in Spain built such gardens at Cordoba, Toledo, and especially at the Alhambra in Granada. Similar gardens, in which flowers, fruit trees, water, and shade were arranged in a unified composition, were built by the Mughals in 17-18th C. India. The most notable examples are the Taj Mahal gardens in Agra and the Shalimar Gardens in Lahore.
In China, palaces, temples, and houses were built around a series of courtyards, which might include trees and plants often in pots that could be changed with the seasons, and pools. The Imperial City in Beijing contained elaborate pleasure gardens with trees, artificial lakes and hillocks, bridges, and pavilions.
Japan has a long tradition of gardens inspired by Chinese and Korean models. In former times, palaces, temples, teahouses, and private houses all had garden settings that were closely integrated with the buildings. Kyoto was especially famous for its gardens. The gardens included pools and waterfalls; rocks, stone, and sand; and evergreens. They might also contain stone lanterns and sculptures and wooden bridges, gates, and pavilions.
In medieval Europe, ravaged by invasions and incessant wars, gardens were generally small and enclosed for protection within the fortified walls of monasteries and castles.
During the Renaissance in Italy when conditions became more stable, castles gave way to palaces and villas with extensive grounds landscaped in the Roman tradition.
Italian gardens of the 17th C. became even more complex in the dramatic Baroque style. They were distinguished by lavish use of serpentine lines, groups of sculptured allegorical figures in violent movement, and a multiplicity of spouting fountains and waterfalls. Modified versions of Italian Renaissance and Baroque gardens appeared throughout Europe.
In the 17th C., France replaced Italy as the primary inspiration of architectural and landscape design.
Andre Le Notre created at Versailles a series of great, open parterres that formed geometric patterns when seen from above. Beyond them stretched lawns and shrubbery merging into woodland.
Le Notre also designed the gardens at Chantilly, St. Cloud, and Fontainebleau in France; Kensington Gardens and St. James's Park in London.
In the late 18th C. the rise of Romanticism, with its emphasis on untamed nature, the picturesque, the past, and the exotic, led to important changes in landscape
architecture as well as in other arts. The shift began in England. In place of the patterned formality of Le Notre's designs, architects such as Capability Brown preferred a new, softer romantic style that imitated rather than disciplined nature. At such great houses as Blenheim Palace and Chatsworth, Brown replaced the parterres of symmetrically arranged flower beds and straight walks with sweeping lawns, sloping hills with curving paths, and rivers and ponds punctuated by informally planted groups of trees and shrubbery, to achieve the effect of a wilderness.
These so-called English gardens often incorporated 'follies', fake medieval ruins and Roman temples, inspired by the 17th C. paintings of the Roman countryside by Claude Lorrain and his followers. (Source: Encarta)
The Romantic English garden is emulated at the (World) War Memorial in Comilla.
The landscaping of the premises of the Jatiya Smriti Soudha (National Martyrs Memorial) in Savar, Dhaka by Architect Md. Abdur Rashid and his team at the Government Dept of Architecture accommodates large volumes of people on 26 March and 16 December.