WAR and bloodshed are the greatest retardation of and execration for the modern human civilization: They depredate world-peace and Jeopardize humanity. War is the outcome of nude demonstration of depraved and demented leaders of the world. Therefore, while the autarchy of any state is threatened by its neighbour state or otherwise, the Security Council of UNO. to prevent the aggressor state from demonic displaying of armed force, takes appropriate steps; as a result of which beleaguerment may be imposed over it.

To maintain international peace and security the Security Council may convoke, according to article 41 of the United Nations Charter, to realize its decision taken in that behalf, the member states of the United Nations Organization. Steps taken by such states according to Security Council's decision without any application of armed force, to this end. are designated as beleaguerment. The Security Council has. as yet. attributed besiegement for eleven times in several cases, under UN Charter. The countries over which besiegements have been imposed are — Southern area of Rhodesia. South Africa. Yugoslavia. Iraq. Somalia, Libya. Liberia. Haiti. Angola, Rwanda and Sudan. However. South Africa. Haiti and the Southern area of Rhodesia have been exempted from such besiegement; in August. 1995, the Security Council exempted the Rwandan Government from the arms embargo Imposed in 1994 but maintained the prohibition of arms sales to non-governmental forces for use in Rwanda.

A brief look at the belea-guerments

1. Iraq : On 6th August in 1990, the Security Council has laid siege to the economy of and imposed prohibition over free-trade of Iraq according to proposal no 661. In this proposal food, medicine and other articles for human needs were exempted from the purview of the prohibition. According to proposal no 687 for armistice, which was taken on 3rd April in 1991, the decision of continuance of prohibition was taken. The prohibition was retracted partially in accordance with

proposal no 712 taken on 19th September in 1991 and Subsequently in pursuance of proposal no 986 taken on 14th April in 1995. Iraq was permitted to sell oil. in every ninety days, in a quantity having value equal to one billion dollar. According to proposal no 1051 taken on 27th March in 1996, import-export observation system was introduced. In this proposal it was said that Iraq ana the countries exporting their commodities to Iraq will inform UNSCOM (United Nationals Special Committee) and IAEA (IntT Atomic Energy Agency) about their articles.

2. Former Yugoslavia :

a. In accordance with proposal no 713 taken on 25th September in 1991, an arms embargo was imposed against former Yugoslavia. According to section 33 of proposal no 727 which was taken on 8th January in 1992, the aforesaid decision was taken again and it was further decided that such decision would be in force according to the report s/23363 of the Secretary General of UNO.

The Security Council Sanction Committee is constituted according to proposal no 724 taken on 15th December in 1991. Mr Zuan Somavia, the Ambassador of Chilly, is the President of this committee, the Vice-President and the other members of this committee are elected from Korea and Gini-Bisow. respectively.

b) According to proposal no 757 taken on 30th May in 1992, prohibition was imposed over the economy, trade and commerce. air-transport, games and sports and the cultural programmes of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro).

In proposal no 787 taken on 16th November in 1992. it was said that without any allowance of the Sanction Committee transmission of petrol, coal, steel and any other thing, through Yugoslavia, will be proscribed. According to proposal no 820 taken on 17th April in 1993, more austere besiegement was imposed against Yugoslavia.

c) Prohibition against Bosnian Serbs, was attributed according to proposal no 942 taken on 23rd September in 1994. In pursuance of this proposal prohibition was further

imposed over Bosnian Serb personnel and Serb soldiers on their entree in other territories and over the business regulated by any Bosnian Serb solider. The subject of the proposal was to freeze pelf of all Bosnian Serbs, preserved in the foreign countries.

d) In proposal no 943 taken on 23rd September in 1994, according to the report of the vice-Chairman of the International Conference on the former Yugoslavia. some prohibitions were retracted primarily for 100 days and it was given to the security council by the Secretary General of UNO. In that report it was said that former Yugoslavia would close down the border-line with the Bosnian Serbs but medicine, vestures and other kind of articles of human needs will not be in this extent. Specially, in this proposal. inhibition against leaving from and landing in Belgrade air-port, of passenger aircrafts. is withdrawn; ferrycommunication with Italy is declared valid and Yugoslavia is allowed to participate in games and sports anti in cultural programmes.

e) In proposal no 1021 taken on 22nd November in 1995, conditions for withdrawing the arms embargo, were determined. Accordingly, on 13th March. 1996. embargo was withdrawn from all kinds of arms except heavy weapon, mine, fighter and helicopter. The Security Council has withdrawn, on 18th June, 1996, in respect of arms embargo, the rest conditions of proposal 1021.

fl In conformity with the proposal 1022 taken on 22nd November In 1995, prohibition was retracted indefinitely from former Yugoslavia. The Bosnian Serbs are exempted from prohibition on 27th February. 1996. The withdrawal was subject to the condition that if the superior vicar of IFOR or commander reports the security council that Yugoslavia or Bosnian Serbs has or have been failed to obey the peace-concordat of Bosnia-Herzegovina. prohibition will again be imposed upon them.

3. Somalia : According to proposal 748 taken on 23rd

January 1992. an arms embargo is imposed against Somalia. In conformity with proposal 751 taken on 24th April in 1992 the Security Council Sanction Committee is constituted of which Mr Park Sugii, ambassador of Korean Republic, is the President, Vicar and vice-President are from Egypt and Honduras respectively.

4. Libya : According to pro-Kosal no 748 taken on 31st (arch in 1992. an arms embargo and prohibition on airway are imposed against Libya and the number of diplomats of Libya, active in foreign countries is decreased. According to this proposal a Security Council Sanction Committee is constituted of which Mr Wlosowicz. Ambassador of Poland, is the President. Vice-President and deputy are from Egypt and German, respectively.

In conformity with the proposal 883 taken on 11th November, 1993, prohibition becomes more severe. In this proposal, the fund and pelf of Libya, in foreign countries, become unrealizable and prohibition is imposed over the instruments for oil elevation and over conveyance as well.

Next review : 15th November. 1996.

5. Liberia : According to pro-Sosal no 788 taken on 19th ovember. 1992, an arms embargo is attributed. In accordance with proposal 985 taken on 11th April in 1995, the Security Council sanction committee is constituted. Mr Martinez Blanko, Ambassador of Honduras. is the president of this committee. Vice-President and Vicar are from Italy and Indonesia, respectively.

6. Angola : According to proposal no 864 taken on 15th September in 1993. oil and arms embargoes are imposed over UNITA and Security Council Sanction Committee is constituted of which Mr Alarabi, Ambassador of Egypt, is the President. Vice-President and deputy are from Indonesia and Honduras respectively. According to proposal 1055 taken on 8th May in 1996. the Secretary General is requested to report within 1st of July, about progress of goal and assent etc

between the two groups.

7. Rwanda : In accordance with proposal no 918 taken on 17th May in 1994. the Security Council imposed arms embargo against Rwanda. For this purpose a Security Council Sanction Committee is constituted of which Mr Wisnumurti. Ambassador of Indonesia, is the President. Vicar and Vice-President are from Italy and Botswana.

In proposal 997 taken on 9th June in 1995, it was decided again that according to proposal no 918, to the citizens of the neighbouring countries of Rwanda, arms and any item will not be sold and provided, if the object of buying such arms is to supply in Rwanda.

According to proposal no 1011 taken on 16th August in 1995, the Rwandan Government is exempted from arms embargo, provided that Rwandan Government and the countries exporting their items to Rwanda will inform the Security Council about their items.

8. Sudan : According to proposal no 1054 taken on 26th April in 1996. the Security Council decided that if Sudan does not present those three persons suspicious of being related with trying to kill President Hosnee Mubarak on 26th June in 1995 and if Sudan does not take step to stop violations, limited diplomatic inhibition would be imposed over it.

According to proposal 1054 taken on 10th May in 1996. the member states were said for decreasing diplomats of Sudan in their country and further it was said to them to make stringent provisions on entry of public officers of Sudan.

9. Haiti:

a) According to proposal 841 taken on 16th June in 1993 an embargo is attributed over arms and oil. Also to freeze foreign pelf this proposal was taken and accordingly Security Council Sanction Committee is constituted.

b) According to proposal no 861 taken on 27th August the prohibition was postponed and subsequently according to proposal 873 taken on 18th October, prohibition is imposed

c) According to proposal no 917 taken on 6th May in 1994 prohibition was increased over all kind of commodities and

production except medicine and victuals. This prohibition comes into being on 21st May in 1994.

d) According to proposal 944 taken on 29th September in 1994, all provisions relating to besiegement of proposal no 841, 873 and 917 become null and void, on 16th October, 1994. This was done because of return of Mr Zin Bartrand Aristide. President of Haiti. Over and above the sanction committee becomes void, as well.

10. Southern Rhodesia : According to proposal no 232 taken on 16th December in 1969. prohibition was imposed over oil and commodities. According to proposal 253 taken on 29th May in 1968. a Security Council Sanction Committee was constituted. The prohibition was retracted in accordance with proposal no 860 taken on 21st December in 1979.

11. South Africa : According to proposal no 418 taken on 4tn November in 1977 an arms embargo was imposed over South Africa. According to proposal 421 taken on 9th December in 1977 a Security Council Sanction Committee was constituted. In conformity with the proposal no 919 taken on 25th May in 1994, all the embargoes including embargo on arms which were in force for proposal 418 are retracted by the security council.

We have seen that UNO. taking appropriate steps to face the situation, has increased its excellence and dignity. But how far is it successful? In Bosnia, in Iraq it could not prevent bewailing of people. The children, the old and the innoxious people are the victims of excruciating situation for both of war and beleaguerment. It besieged but could not save a woman from defloration in Bosnia.

Millions and millions of people pay the debt of nature for atrocity of blood-thirsty demons who are deadly foe of humanity. We hope of a world, where there will be no racial segregation, where there will be no propitiation of humanity — and the first step, for realizing this aspiration, can be taken only by the United Nations Organization.

The turiter is a student of Laic University of Dhaka.