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Nations Rise within Nations
NEW YORK — Crechotoo VBkl. sub divided. C.
nada'a ability to 'contain* French-apeaking Quebec remained uncertain. Crimean Mera searched for "conditional Independence* from the Ukraine In another sequel to the diaaolutlon of the Soviet system
In Scotland, those who didn't vote for the Scottish na ttonallata In the July election were wondering If they should have. There were distinct signs of ethnk- Mongolian un rest in the autonomous Inner Mongolian region of China And over 10 million Quechuans were tncrcaaingiy demanding more valid expression of their ancient pre-Htspanlc culture than as "minorities* inside several Andean states.
Even on the eve of .the 25th Olympiad the "Autonomous Government of Catatonia* took out a full page advertlaement in the New York Times, pro claiming Itself *a country tn Spain with Its own culture, language and identity".
These are only a few of all the active Indications that the whole world of "nation states' is now In great flux. This has plainly surprised and worried many political leaders.
United Nations Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali repeatedly says that "if every ethnic, religious or linguistic group Claimed statehood there would be no limit to fragmen tation." In the Weal there Is much lofty talk of "outmoded
But that leaders should be surprised la the surprising thing. The reality Is that ever since the rise of the empires of Western Europe and communism, the 'nation state' map of moot of the world has been a caricature.
The empires placed most of humankind tn political strait jackets, with ancient societies prevented from a normal evo lution of endogenous political ideas. Institutions, and boundaries.
This vast unreality was pro traded again after World War II Communism Imposed the premise that ancient ethnic differences within Its sphere of Influences should be re placed by 'cultural dtvarslty"
In much of the Third World, because decolonisation was chronologically haphazard and the powers wished to re tain subtle forms of influence, the artificial frontiers they had uncarlngly Imposed were largely perpetuated The new independencies still separated or suppressed whole kinships and ethnic groups, with other distortions In last minute par
titlonlngs
Ironically, membership In the United Nations then made these frontiers sac rosanct. The dream of an enddgenously evolved United States of Africa was postponed The equivalent search tn the Arab world was opposed tooth and nail by Western powers. The Indigenous survivors of European genocide in the Americas remained remote, sundered, and
ignored.
Meanwhile, the horrors of Western European tribal war prompted the movement towards European Integration, but even as this has acceier a ted, demands for cultural and other autonomies (at the least) have Intensified.
All over the world, the UN BID of Human Rights and the power of transnational media are now reviving old aspira
tions A vast minefield of frustrated cultural and ethnic identities has emerged from under the tee ages of imperialism and the cold war The dangers must be addressed, with Justice
First, officious minds must open beyond the rigid limitations of the central nation state, and the narrow notion that there is only sovereign Independence or traditional "minority" status.
For some of the clamant peoples nothing less than sovereign statehood will suf flee. For others (perhaps in Africa), amalgamations out of the distortive maps of empire may be their desired solution, the very converse of 'unlimited fragmentation."
For many. If those now dominant will seriously accept their aspirations the preference will be some form of autonomy. but with Imaginative architecture, not mere patronising tokenism.
Secondly, we urgently need to create trusted machinery at the United Nations where col led Ive human rights claims
can t>e better addressed, and ^here both recognized and new language together, not limited to the traditional con eepO of state, country, or
It must become a matter of pride for governments to seek out new and innovative fonnu las for equitable representation — a transformation of our structures, from the community to the planetary level. The great hall of the UN Trusteeship Council, seldom used any more, would be the perfect place for a new council on cultural identity and representation
It is a mark of the strength of these aspirations that all the major^sms" of this century peoples who feel T deep and distinct cultural Identity.
Communists said their political demands would wither away. Capitalists said a global economy would make them irrelevant. Many socialists said nationalism was "retrograde", and engulfed everyone tn that sweeping Judgement
The surfacing of these aspirations despite all this, and ail the oppression, should not be feared but positively welcomed as one of the healthiest and most democratic portents for humankind - IPS
Erskine Childers Is a retired senior advisor to the United Nations Secretary-Gen eraL