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Aluminium, the Green Metal
IN garbage dumps across the world, there 1s nr»aluminium mine walling to be exploited. From New York to Manila and the Infamous Smokey Mountain rubbish tip in the Philippines, poor people collect aluminium cans to sell for recycling.
It is a subsistence activity, providing work for those who . Would otherwise hnve to beg for food on the streets. US recycling companies pay USS0.56 for every pound of aluminium collected.
In the United States it Is the very poor and the very rich who recycle their aluminium beverage cans, according to Reynolds metals, a major US aluminium recycling company.
In 1989. 49.4 billion used aluminium cans were collected in the United States, and US •900 million were paid out to collectors. A new record of nearly 57 billion cans were recycled In 1991 largely because of environmental concerns and also due to the fact that It has become big business.
The poor recycle because of necessity, while the rich do It out of fashionable concern for the environment.
Because a considerable amount of every to used to extract aluminium from bauxite, some label aluminium a wasteful product But Industrialists see it as a green metal. AJu-m'nlum only takes about five oer cent more energy to rccy cle, and the Investment in plant equipment is one-tenth that of a primary smelter.
Although expensive to produce, its value to retained, and therefore worth recycling.
Energy equivalent to the calorific value of half a can of petrol Is saved every time an aluminium beverage can Is re cycled. One tonne of remclicd aluminium eliminates the need for four tonnes of bauxite and 7OOkg (1.5401b) of petroleum, coke or pilch, reducing cmls-
slons of polluting aluminium fluoride by 35kg(77lb).
Apart from environmental benefits, recycling makes economic sense. Even when col-are considered, beverage cans made from recycled material cost only about three-quarters as much as containers made from new can sheet.
Industrial use of aluminium also benefits from recycling. In Europe and the United States, almost 70 per cent of the metal used In electrical engl nee ri ng. building and transport comes from recycling.
In 1990. 4.5 million tonnes of new aluminium was produced from scrap In the Western wqrld. The richest alu-minium mine In the world is a self-replenishing one," says a Reynolds spokesman.
The US experience in recycling aluminium over the last 20 years is now being applied in Western Europe, and large-scale recycling Is being considered in many Aslan, Latin American and Eastern European countries.
Japan Is a case In point — being the second largest importer of primary aluminium (2.3 million tonnes tn 1989)
and the world s largest consumer (2.16 million tonnes).
Il produces only 35,000 tonnes a year from its open remaining smelter (ten years ago It produced one million tones annually but changed track after the oil shock of the 1970s).
Still, Japanese recycling Is In Its Infancy, although large-scale plans are afoot to cut down on its Imports, which come from more than 50 countries.
Manufacturing Is also changing Its attitude by designing products to be recycled. Recycling becomes costly when goods arc made of more than one material — it Is sorting that adds cost. Automotive companies arc also now designing cars with an eye to making them easier and cheaper to produce. Some Industry Insiders even predict this design clement will become more Important In the future.
One of the first US companies to realise the potential for recycling was Reynolds Metals. It started to pay the public for used beverage cans 1n 1968. Since then the business has expanded from one million pounds of aluminium a year in the late 1960s, to more than the same amount per day this year.
Customer convenience is the key to this success, says Reynolds, which operates 725 buying locations in cities and mobile units In supermarket car parks. In the whole Untied States, there are 10.000 aluminium can recycling centres that have created 80.000 Jobs in the last decade.
One of the most Innovative schemes is 'reverse vending machines' which, rather than selling canned drinks, take in used cans and give out cash In return.
The oil price rises of the 1970s was the Initial stimulus for recycling, but new material technologies and concern for the environment will see the secondary aluminium market take a more prominent place in the future — IPS