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The Ultimate Quest: Theory For Everything!

by Mohd Anisur Bahman
THE most familiar co nccpi about the blith of the UNhvrae to the Hot Htg Bang model In thia model tt to accepted that the universe originated from a primordial fireball of Infinite density with infinite temperature Thto can be conceived from an infinite maaa concentrated in a point volume known aa Big Hang singularity where temperature Is infinite. Such a thing exploded and the explosion Is termed as the Big Bang
At the very earliest mo merits after the Big Bang the universe would have contained elementary particles and thetr anttpattn les (anlipai tic les are the mirror image ol real parti cies. eg positron in th counterpart of electron with sama maaa but equal amount of pool tree charge If they meet each other both wtll vanish within a flash, releasing enormous amount of ener® ) As the uni verse started expanding and temperature dropping particles started combining to heavier forms under the influence of the four forces which arc known to have separate identity but thought to have been identical at those initial moments; later on revealed themselves as different aspects of a single force.
Strong nuclear force revealed itself when temperature of the expanding matter dropped down to the level of the hottest stars At this stage, particles would no longer have sufficient energy to escape the attraction of strong nuclear force and started to combine to form the nuclei of the atom. Once the temperature had dropped to a few thousand degrees electron and nuclei no longer had enough energy to overcome yet another force, electromagnetic force (the electromagnetic attraction between negatively charged electron and positively charged proton causes the electron to orbit the nucleus of the atom) and they would have started combining to form atoms. With cooling still taking place sum pie of atoms gave birth to Heavier ones and thereby molecules — elements — from simple to heavier forma The result to the body of the uni
Two other forma of forces are gravity and weak nuclear force Gravity to the force that is fell by any particle according to Its mass (or energy). The greater the mass the stronger the gravitational force It Is the Cvltalional pull that causes earth go to a round the sun The weak nuclear force Is responsible for some kind of radio activity
AH matter that we see In this universe including peo pie air water, microbes, stars planets etc. are made up of tiny building blocks called
atoms. Atoms are tn turn made up of some smaller particles — electron, proton and neutron. Proton and neutron arc made up of even smaller particles called quarks. These are elementary particles under the class fermions There is a separate set of particles which transmits the aforesaid forces between matters in the universe. Such force-carrying particles are under the class 'bosons'. Bosons are of four types corresponding to four forces — gluon is the unit of strong nuclear force. Similarly, photon Is for electromagnetic force, graviton for gravity and Intermediate vector boson for weak nuclear force. So the entire universe boils down to some elementary particles at the grassroot l«-vel But this view of elementary particles may still, be inadequate until scientists dash Into the Big Bang. Unification of forces, truly elementary particles, arc going to be unfold only then. It would be possible only then to explain the urilversc and search for a theory for every thing would end there
Inta now heads us to think If there to any set of rules complete enough to desribe our universe Many physicists believe that such a set of rubs — the Theory for Everything may be sithln our reach The theory may contain a set of fairly sample principle perhaps even just one principle that lies behind everything that has happened. Is happen Ing and ever wtll happen in our universe
,As H can be inferred, the Theory for Everything must give us a model that unifies the forces and particles, discuss boundary conditions of the universe. Le. the Initial condi
Uons at the every earliest moments and also the outer boundary . 1 e if the universe is still expanding, there should be an outer boundary or edge Inside which expansion Is still taking place: same goes for a contracting universe too. Also it should predict precisely how many types of particles there are. Basically It should give a mathematical model of the behaviour of tlx universe
The path to achieve such a theory is definitely not going to be an easy one We must provide room for enormous complexity although we expect tt to be a simple code Mani prominent scientists have sei themselves for this ultimate quest. Lots of new concepts are in the ofling. For example superatring theory, one of the most exciting current theories which predicts ten dimcn stons. may seem crazy at the first look since we often find difficulties tn adding the forth dimension, time, to the other three — length, width and breadth Theorists believe that the other extra dimensions are curled up in subatomic level
Hut It to necessary to know that the concepts must combine Einstein's Theory of Ge neral Relativity and Quantum Mechanics. The Theory of General Relativity describes the force of gravity and the large scale structure of the universe — planets, stars, galaxies for Instance. Quantum mechanics on the other hand deals with phenomena on extremely small scales, from atomic to subatomic level and so on The most useful tool tn unify electromagnetic strong nuclear and weak nuclear forces Is quantum mechanics So. In order to have a unlftca Uon theory — Grand Unifies
Hon Theory — a quantum theory of gravity must be discover ed Quantum mechanical, way of fooklng Into gravity, to that gravity Is made up of gravitons as light Is made up of photons.
But this quantum mechanl satfon of gravity has some technical problems Stephen Hawking, one of the hading physicists working along thto line, has had some bizarre results : black holes aren't black ; there may not be any boundary conditions, t.e. the universe is as we see It. self contained: then empty space Is not realty empty — It to teemed with particles and anttpartlclcs which add up to pnormou* amount of energy
So there may still be a long way to go before the theory foi everything Is handy But wc wouldn't be far wrong Io ex peel a positive result at the close of the century
Now the question arises II we have a theory for every thing, will It be possible to predict every details! Will a young married couple be able to predict their babies crying at any unpleasant hour at night with tote help of mathematical formula or how many times will the opposition walk out from the national assembly in a year?
Even If It is possible, bow specific can we be? Not every, that's for sure? For the calculations required will be so vast thal no imaginable computer can handle it. There is a further problem that uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics restricts our ability to predict things Uncertainty prirxiple suggests that we can not measure exactly both the velocity and position of a particle at the same time, no matter bow successfully we try to observe IL We can learn the precise position of a particle only to give up the velocity.
Taking this limitation Into ar count, physicists have rede fined the goal of science that the Theory of Everything will be a set of laws that makes tt possible to predict events upto a limit set by the uncertainty principle, which necessarily means that 1n many cases we will have lo satisfy ourselves with statistical probabilities, not specifics
So as It appears tlw search for the ultimate theory of the universe seems difficult to jus ttfy on practical grounds
But eversince the dawn of civilization, man has been try Ing to explain the Inexplicable lo find order that underlies the nature, to answer the question why we arc here and where we come from His goal to nothing less tlian a complete description of the universe
And it to the most persistent and greatest adventure in hu man history, this search for understanding the universe, how II works and where tt came from