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Safety of Nuclear Installations
Although the opera ting record of nuclear power is good, widespread public concerns about nuclear power and nuclear facilities continue
The main challenge ahead to to achieve a global record of safe and vrell regulated nuclear technologies which are not detrimental to human health and the environment. The Agency plays an important role as a visible instrument of international collaboration to maintain an acceptable safety level worldwide which fosters Internationa) consistency and harmonization.
In 1990. the nuclear safety standards advisory group reviewed revised texts of safety guides on earthquakes and associated topics as they relate to siting of nuclear Installs Uons. emergency power sup-phes tn the design of such fa ctlities. and staffing and training of operational personnel
The International nuclear safety advisory group (INSAG) completed deliberations on the question of safety culture and took an active role in providing advice on the oroiect on
the safety of WWER 440 mode! 230 reactors in Eastern Eu rope.
Safe operation of nuclear installations Teams of experts from Member States carried out seven pre-operational or oper atlonal safety review team missions (OSART) to nuclear power plant sites or plants
Visits to construction sites revealed a need for basic orga nlzational changes, the appll cation of modern management principles, the Introduction of comprehensive quality assur ance provisions, and reinforced industrial safety practices.
Growing Interest was shown by many countries in the assessment of safety significant events team (ASSET) pro gramme resulting In a slgnlfi cant Increase In a activities tn this area As part of a series of five ASSET missions requested on the first generation Soviet designed WWER-440 Model 230 reactors, three missions were conducted to Greifswald (Germany). Bohunlce (Czechoslovakia) and Kozloduty rR»la>rta) taler an ARRITT
implementation mission to Greifswald was carried out to assist in implementing recommended immediate corrective action*.
An International seminar on the use of unusual events to Improve power plant safety addressed the theory and practice of using Ifojfematlon disseminated through reporting systems, to rthnforic nu-cicar power plant safety.
It covered unusual event reporting systems, unusual event reports as a tool to improve safety, event assessment, lessons learned and corrective actions, effect of the feedback process, and objective and effectiveness of reporting systems.
The international nuclear event scale (INES) was finalized and adopted for a one-year trial period. By the end of the year. 25 countries had Informed the Agency that they were users of the scale to rate the safety significance of events and had agreed to report to the Agency within 24 hours Information on any events of level 2 or above for worldwide dissemination The
rating of the safety significance of nuclear events based on seven levels and three attributes. wi described in detail In a use o manual.
Altlxiugh the scale was de veloped primarily for rapid communication with the public. it has been used Increasingly for technical purposes: many incident reporting system (IRS) reports adopted it and ASSETS used It to rate the safety significance of events being studied
As part of the Incident reporting system, the breakdown of the main root cause categories experienced In events reported In 1990 showed 48% were attributed to equipment failure. 26% to personnel er tor. and 15% to procedural error (with the remaining In other categories)
Emphasis was placed tn 1990 on improving the awareness of ageing phenomena and on developing methods for evaluation and management. Reports In this area were produced on safety aspects of ageing. material ageing mechanisms and the detection and mitigation of ageing effects, and the use of probabilistic safety assessment In relation to plant life extension.
Others covered practices for data collection and record keeping and methodilogies for the selection of nuclear power plant components whose ageing should be assessed for management studies, and understanding. monitoring, and mitigation of ageing effects for four safety significant plant components selected for pilot studies. An advisory group was formed to assist countries operating reactors to perform comprehensive safety reviews in the light of available International
These reviews should form the technical basis for the safetv decisions which ultimately should be taken by the countries. Specifically, the reviews alm at identifying design and operational weaknesses
that may threaten plant safety and at suggesting safety Im prove ments.
The 324 research reactor facilities operating as of De cember 1990 provide coliec tive operating experience of more than 10500 reactor years. In 1990 integrated safety assessment of research reactors (INSARR) missions visited facilities tn the Islamic Republic of Iran, the USSR (2). and Bulgaria, which was the 100th INSARR mission conducted.
Safetyassessment techniques
Work continued tn 1990 on standardizing probabilistic safety assessment methodology Including specific guidance In the areas of computer codes for probabilistic safety assessment (PSA), treatments of external hazards, common cause failures, human errors, data collection and analysis, and performance of independent peer reviews.
A personal computer based computer code was finalized allowing PSA to be used to predict, for example, the effect on safety of taking components out of service under conditions. The Information provided includes impact on core melt probability, likely accident sequences, and the ranking of the Importance of equipment relevant for safety.
Work on risk assessment concentrated on the comparative environmental and health impact of different energy systdms for ejpctricity produc-Uon in preparation for the Senior Expert Symposium on Electricity and the Environment held in Helsinki In 1991.
In co-operation with the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), and the World Health Organization (WHO), work progressed on a risk management procedures guide for Industrial areas involving potentially hazardous Installation (IAEA)