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Capsule History
The earliest settlers in the country were the Aetas, a small Negroid people who came by land from Central Asia during the Paleolithic period, when the Philippines was still part of the Asian mainland. The second wave were Indonesians, Mongoloid people with Caucasian strains, who came by sea. From around 200 B. C. came the Malays, in successive waves of migration which lasted until the fourteenth century.
Chinese dynastic records show that the Philippines has trade with China since the ninth century, and that Arab ships were bringing Philippine products from China through Canton. Chinese porcelain ware seems to have been a major import. Judging from large quantities of it being excavated. By the middle of the fourteenth century. Cambodia, Annam, Siam and Tonkin were also trading with the lowland
settlements of Philippine Malays.
The Filipinos that the explorer Ferdinand Magellan came upon in March 1521’ were a literate people with their won literature and written alphabet. Local laws covered family relations, usury, property rights, divorce, inheritance, loans and crime.
The Spaniards ruled the country for over 300 years. Traces of their Influence are still very much visible. Baroque churches and forts, symbolic of the sword and the cross that established Spanish rule, still stand The majority of Filipinos answer to Spanish names, and many words in the local dialects are derived from the Castilian tongue. By the mid nineteenth century. the educated Filipinos formed a force strong enough, to challenge Spanish authority. The brilliant Jose Rizal—
doctor, artist and scientist — became the rallying figure of those who cried for reforms, then Independence. Rizals incendiary novels. Noli Me Tange re and EI FlHbusterlsmo. forcefully criticized conditions in the colony during the 188Os Though Rizal personally favored peaceful reforms, he became the first martyr of the nationalist revolution led by the proletarian firebrand Andres Bonifacio and his secret society, the Katipunan.
Rizal was executed at Luncta Park in Manila on December 30, 1876. Under the leadership of Bonifacio, and later, Emilio Aguinaido. the Katipunan waged a fierce Guerilla war against the Spaniards. But out&idc forces were to intervene. War between the United States and Spain over Cuba led to the Treaty of Paris of December
1898, which ceded the Philippines lo the Americans for twenty million pesos.
General Aguinaido. by this time the undisputed leader of the Filipino forces, allied with the Americans to overthrow the Spanish regime. This alliance, concluded while Aguinaido was in exile In Hongkong, ironically paved the way for American domination of the archipelago. Aguinaido proclaimed the first republic in Cavite on June 12, 1898. A liberal constitution was ratified in September of the following year at Malolos. designated capital of the new Republic. It was the first republic in Asia, and the revolution that brought it about was the first successful uprising against foreign domination in this part of the world.
War soon broke out between the former allies. After the capture of Agunaldo In March 1901, the Republic s cause was
carried on by guerilla generals for another six years. The Americans ruled the Philippines for six more years. Their rule was marked by the effective introduction of public education throughout the archipelago. Politically. It was characterized by self-government vested In the Philippine Commonwealth.
The Second World War saw the Philippines in ruins bul saw also the birth of true democracy which was temporarily stunted under the Marcos regime but reborn stronger during the incumbency of H. E. President Corazon C. Aquino, after c^-President Ferdinand E. Marcos was toppled by a People Power Revolution In 1986.
The Philippines now looks and moves with more confidence especially after the recently concluded national elections on 11 may 1992.