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Int’l labour market restrictions will cost $ 1000b by 2000

Poor states can earn $ 250 b from migration
Developing countries would earn al least 250 billion dollar annually If rich countries eased immigration restrictions on the entry of foreign workers, concludes the Human Development Report 1992. published for the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
Rich countries also stand to gain from In creased labour mobility, the reports suys, citing studies that show that International labour market restrictions will cost the world 1.000 billion dollar In foregone growth by the year 2000 . says a UNDP report.
The report, third tn an annual series, has been prepared by an independent team of dis tlnguished economists under the guidance of Dr Mahbub ul Haq, former Finance Minister of Pakistan and now Special Adviser to the UNDP Administrator.
"No market Is perfect, but the international market for labour is one of the most restricted of ail." says the report. The supply Is there millions of workers tn developing countries are unemployed or underemployed Bui Immlgra tlon laws block the flow of labour from poor countries to rich." Currently, about 75 million people from developing countries are on the move each year as refugees, displaced persons, transient workers or legal or Illegal migrants
Immigration restrictions from Industrial lied countries deny market opportunities just as Quotas and tariffs inhibit labour intensive goods and agricultural exports. Such barriers slow global economic growth , harming poor countries the most. They arc even more onerous to poor countries than are trade barriers because migration of unskilled and semi skilled labour is one area where they enjoy a comparative advantage. As a result, developing countries currently lose much more from Immigration controls than from trade barriers.
Lost opportunities tn global markets cost developing countries a minimum of 500 billion dollar each year, according to the report, with half the losses stemming from immigration restrictions alone. But while international trade barriers are being eased through the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) negotiations distortions In the Inter national labour market have so tar escaped scrutiny
"It would be clearly unrealistic to expect that Industrial countries will greatly lower
their Immigration barriers, acknowledges me report. But it argues that this places an even greater responsibility on Industrial nations Io create enough economic opportunities In de vetoping countries to reduce the pressures for migration. As it is. Industrialized countries have further tightened Immigration laws, re versing two decades of liberalization These laws jeopardize the 25 billion dollar that Is currently being remitted to home countries by migrant workers
Pressure for limiting the number of unskilled workers in industrialized countries has increased in recent years because of fears that rising Influxes of Southern immigrants will In
crease social tensions Since the I960, the vast majority of immigrants to the US and Canada have come from developing countries
In Europe, too. the proportion of develop Ing country Immigrants Increased during this period from 30 per cent to 46 per cent Now groups In some European countries have urged their governments io expel unemployed ml grants. Developing countries have also suffered because of the growing preference in rich countries for Immigrants who are skilled workers or potential investors. The US and Canada recently changed their immigration laws to attract more skilled workers and entrepreneurs. Between 1960 and 1990. the US and Canada accepted over one million professional and technical immigrants from developing coun-
report notes that the industrial coun I tries. In what is effectively a buyers market for migrants, have been setting higher and higher levels of qualification — giving preference to highly skilled workers, to those who bring capital with them or Io political refugees.
The toss of skilled workers has hit hard tn many countries of Asia and Africa, threatening their ability to absorb new technologies and to train future generations of professionals. Africa has already tost a third of its skilled people to Europe Sudan alone lost 17 per cent of Its doctors and dentists. 20 per cent of Its unIver sity teachers. 30 per cent of Its engineers and 45 per cent of Its surveyors to migration In 1978 alone. The Philippines lost 12 per cent of Its professional workers to the United States ! w 'K'KS’of professionals and the growing 1 barriers to unskilled workers could not come at a more difficult time for most developing countries High birth rates mean that some 38 , million additional people Join the labour force I of the Southern nations each year, adding Io the over 700 million already unemployed or ' underemployed This means that one billion I new jobs must be created or Improved by the I end of the decade — equivalent Io the lolnl* I population of the North notes the report
Tf the International community docs not | have the foresight to create economic oppor | tunttics where they are needed most." warns । the chief author. Mahbub ul Haq. "then the world may witness unprecedented Internationa) migration In the 21st century, far out stripping the vast movement of people when the United States. Canada and Australia were । settle