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The Universe Within the Universe

by Shircen Bari
***And at the very beginning the distinction between the four fundamental forces — nuclear strong force, nuclear weak force, gravitational force and electromagnetic force — did not exist and all these forces were unified and had one-single strength. So the forces were all symmetrical and equal at the creation.***
According to the big bang theory, the first millionth of a second after the birth of universe, matter and antimatter existed tn equal amounts. And when the universe expanded and cooled, most of the particles found their corresponding antipartlclcs and the pair annihilated each other. So the universe was elegantly simple but virtually empty of matter and of creatures made up of that matter.
And at the very beginning the distinction between the four fundamental forces — nuclear strong force, nuclear weak force, gravitational force and electromagnetic force — did not exist and all these forces were unified and had one single strength. So the forces were all symmetrical and equal at the creation.
The world symmetry is derived from the Greek Symmetrus, meaning regular, well proportioned or harmonious. When the universe cooled and the law of symmetry began to break, the four fundamental forces also separated from each other. First, gravity was distinguished from other forces, and then the strong, weak and electromagnetic forces became apparent as they froze out of the cooling universe manifesting breaking of the symmetry.
After the universe has cooled down and the symmetry broke down. In excess of about one billion protons and one billion electrons survived to form, in ihe fullness of time, galaxies, stars, planets and ourselves. Why then nature Is very symmetrical as we sec It and why is It asymmetrical when we observe it In a micro: scoplc way? Again why this crack or flaw in nature Ites at the centre of the riddle of our existence? Still partical physicists never get a very accurate answer to it. And it is still an unsolved and mysterious problem.
Uptll 1957. an the taws of nature were believed to be symmetrical. The laws of nature* should be such that the happening In the mirror Image should also be perfectly consistent with them.,
Many ordinary objects around us possess what It called Handedness . They are either right or fcft handed. Gloves and shoes arc ah exam-
pi«. even chemical molccuk-s also can exhibit handedness, like the right-handed double helix of DNA that twists around like a spiral staircase to the right, this docs not mean that life also dcRncs a direction bul life just has lo use one or the other (k-fl or right) and on this planet the right-handed chokx-was made.
A looking glass tn an object in which we see our images.
ck'clromagncllsm, the strong interaction (which are responsible for nuclear forces) and the weak interaction (which arc responsible for certain kinds of nuclear decay) defines a screw sense. Thal Is why the P mirror (looking glass and P stands for parity) was symmetrical, so that one could not distinguish between the results of a reflection among elementary particles and the result of the
We know that our right hand and left hand are opposite lo each other. One can be considered Ihe mirror image of the other. Again In mirror, the right hand looks like a left hand. So if all- human hands were symmetrical In every respect. the mirror Image would be different from the direct Image and there would be no such distinction as right' and left'.
And for that reason now some scientists think that Alice ("Altec In Wonderland," a beautiful story written by Charles Dodgson, where ft is described how Altec had been lost In another world when she was in a dream) can provide a way of understanding symmetry taws In nature.
Now Altec can tell whether she is in the real world or in the looking glass world. She can be certain of her whereabouts only If she finds some fundamental process or structure that defines a screw direction. A right-hand screw at home will be a left-hand screw through the looking glass. Until 1956 scientists, specially particle physicists, thought that Altec must remain lust between the real world and the looking glass world. Because al that lime 11 was generally believed that none of the fundamental forces as gravity.
mirror image of that reaction.
In 1957 two particle physicists Lee and Yangs showed that the P mirror could be asymmetrical with respect to the weak Interaction. Further the experimental scientists worked on this theory and suggested that the weak Interactions do define a screw dt-rcclion, and nature discriminate between left-and -right-handedness.
Scientists have shown a test for reflection symmetry 1n a looking glass, which is more formally called n P mirror.
Particle physicists have taken cobalt 60. an isotope of eobull that decays by emitting electrons through the weak interaction, in a magix-ttc field generated by electron (lowing counterclockwise around a circular wire loop. Here Altec can sec that the field points downward and aligns with the spins, (rotation of a subatomic particles) of the cobalt nuclei downward. The emitted electrons travelled upwards.
But in a looking-glass world, the electrons in the circular loop travel clockwise, and so the magnetic points upwards. The spins of the looking-glass nuck-I align upwards and the emitted electrons travel downwards. Since the emitted ck-ctrons travel In opposite directions In the Iwo worlds. Ihe
reflection is not perfect.
Again matter about which we think that It Is symmetrical. Bul the change of matter Into antimatter is not synuiKi rlcal as C mirror changes par lick's lo anti partick's and an-ttparltek's to particles but pre sen vs the relative orientation-, of the objects it rcnccl'. ( C stands for charge conjugation) Altec can now find out whether she has passed through the C mirror by determining either the direction of emission of the electrons emitted by her aligned cobalt nuclei or, alternatively, the direction of emission of the positrons (anti electron) emitted by her aligned antlcobalt nuclic. Once again ckx-trons traveling counterclockwise In a wire loop generate a magnetic field that points downwards and the cobalt nuclic align downwards and the electrons they emit move upwards. In the antiworld seen through the.C mirror. positrons traveling in the wire loop also move counterclockwise. but (since the C mirror reverses charge) be cause they have a charge opposite lo Inal of electrons, the magnetic field points upwards. The antlcobalt nuclei have magnetic properties opposite to those of ordinary cobalt nuclei, and so their spins align downwards. Finally, the positrons emitted by the anticobalt nuclei travel in the direction of the nuclear spins, which In this case is downwards.
The fact that the emitted positrons travel in the direction opposite to that of the emitted electrons tells Alice she must have passed through the C mirror. As this experiment has shown that the C mirror changes the charge of positive and negative mesons and changes the neutral K meson into its antiparticle, the K negative meson. So weak In-lerucUon Is responsible for breaking the symmetry of nature. Sonic scientists think that as symmetry breaks down due to weak Interactions, perhaps it will break down elsewhere. Tire universe as a hole may be right handed or left handed or may be there are two universes — one left and the other right handed, and one composed of matter, the other with that antimatter. The universe within the universe.