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US scientists find clue to better understanding of ocean wealth
HONOLULU. Dec 26 : Large undersea landslides and a huge sea floor lava flow off the Hawaiian Island* have been discovered by a seven-year mapping project that scientists say will lead to a greater understanding of America's ocean resource*, reports AP.
The 35 million dollar project completed the first mapping of the entire 322-kilome-ter exclusive economic zone of the United States—t he area extending around the nation's perimeter where only American Interests can make use of ocean resources for economic benefit.
Scientists made several significant discoveries, mostly around the Hawaiian chain, but also along the East and West coasts and Alaska. The maps to be used in studies scientists hope will lead to more efficient and environmentally compatible uses of the ocean.
An underwater sooner system transmitted electronic pulses that were converted into mosaic images resembling satellite photographs. The photos are being used to make maps for inclusion In atlases that government, science and Industry can use to better assess the ocean's resource potential.
"Before we can make intelligent decisions on how to use the ocean from an economic and environmental standpoint, we need to understand what's theres," said Dave Cacchione. chief of the marine science branch of the US Geological Survey.
The maps provide that, said Cotin Jacobs, a geologist with the Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, Deacon Laboratory, part of the Natural Environment Research Council in Britain.
"If you want to do some detailed work you need to have a road map to see where you're going." Jacobs s^d. "That's what we re doing,' building a
road map."
The USGS, with the help of the British scientists, began work in 1984, after President Reagan ordered the mapping. The mapping was done with the GLORIA side-sonar system, developed Ir. the 1960s. GLORIA stands for Geological Ong Range Inclined ASDIC. ASDIC Is a British term for sonar first used in World War 11.
The mapping, completed in late October after 50 cruises, discovered previously un-xnown features and looked at already-known to topography, particularly around the Hawaii.
A sea floor lava flow hundreds of kilometers long was found 161 kilometers north of Oahu Island, where Honolulu is located. The Dow isn't near the "hot spot" that spews the magma that created the volcanoes that formed—and continue to form—the island chain. Scientists next will try to learn how and when the flow originated.
One theory, Jacobs said, is that the weight of the islands is bending the Earth's crust, causing cracks that allow lava to escape from undersea volcanoes. The flow was discovered in 1987.
Scientists said the most significant work was the detailed mapping of huge undersea landslides, land that once was part of Oahu. The landslides were discovered 'previously but never had been mapped in detail, said Dave Clague, who supervised the mapping and now is scientist in chief at Hawaii Vocano Observatory.
"We would like to understand better when the landslides happened and how they happened so we can tell whether we have to worry abbot them," said Clague. "If one were to happen today, it would be a major disaster, a catastrophe.''
future projects will seek
answers to those questions, said Cacchione, who thinks most of the landslides occurred when volcanoes were active on Oahu millions of years ago. Parts of the island continue to fall off. but tn very small amounts.
Smaller lava flows buried beneath 30 meters of sediment were found near Kauai Island and the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Scientists also discovered the Molokai Fracture Zone, a rift that stretches from California beneath the island chain and at least as far as Johnston Atol, 1,336 kilometers south of Hawaii, Jacobs said.
The fracture zone may extend farther, but mapping of other Pacific islands has progressed only as for Johnston and Palmyra atolls. Future trips will map zones around Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Marshall Islands, Palau and other central Pacific islands.
Other significant finds along both coasts, the Gulf of Mexico and Alaska Include.
Deep undersea channels carved by turbidity currents that extend for hundreds of kilometers (miles) off the Atlantic Coast.
A string of dormant undersea volcanoes off California, Oregon and Washington.
A 1,609-kllomcter-long 8-kllometer-deep trench that stretches along the Pacific Rim side of Alaska's Aleutian Islands.
Maps of these area* will allow submarine* to navigate better, prevent cable* from being laid in hazardous place*, and help oil companie* keep offshore rig* away from unstable locations. Many telecommunications cables become useless when they are d«yn aged by strong current* or laid in deep trenche* that block their signals.
The c hannels and trenches also are biologically abundant, Cacchione said.
The USGS already has produced atlases of the Atlantic Coast mapping work, and is completing atlases of the West Coast and Gulf of Mexico. It will be two to three years before maps of the Hawaii features are available.