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Chronology of career
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev was bom March 2. 1931, in Prtvolonoye, a poor farming village 125 miles (200 kilometers) from Stavropol on the southern Russia plain* between the Black and Caspian seas, reports AP.
On March 11. 1985. Gorbachev was named general-secretary of the ruling Communist Party, one day after the death of Konstantin Chernenko, a Leonid Brezhnev protege.
The health and energy of Gorbachev, at 54 the country's youngest leader since Stalin, set him apart from his three Immediate predecessor* Brezhnev, Yuri Andropov and Chernenko. All three had been ailing and were laid to rest under the Kremlip wall tn the space of 28 months.
Since assuming the Soviet leadership, other key Gorbachev dates are :
1985: Nov 18: Meets with President Reagan in Geneva for the first of five times and concludes an agreement to eliminate the two countries’ medlum-and short-range nuclear missiles.
1986: Feb 11: Anatoly Shcharansky. Jewish activist and dissident, is released, stripped of hi* Soviet citizenship and flown to the West as part of a spy swap
Dec 16 : Gorbachev lifts the internal exile of Andrei Sakharov, the human rights activist, physicist and 1975 Nobel Peace Prize winner .
1987 : April 10: In Czechoslovakia. Gorbachev says the Soviet Union no longer manufactures chemical weapons and pledges to destroy all stockpiles.
December: Gorbachev travels to London and Washington, meets Margaret Thatcher and signs treaty with Reagan to eliminate both sides' medium-range nuclear missiles.
1988 : Oct 1: Gorbachev elected president at special session of the Supreme Soviet, the standing legislature.
Nov 29: Gorbachev presides over dissolution of the old Supreme Soviet, to be replaced by the Congress of People's Deputies and a smaller, full-time legislature, the new Supreme Soviet.
Dec 7 : Addresses United Nations, calling for new world order. At the same time a massive earthquake devastates Armenia. About 25.000 are reported dead. Gorbachev cancel* trips to Cuba and Britain to return home
1989: Feb 15: Last Soviet troops withdrawn from Afghanistan, ending a demoralising and costly war.
Mar-h 6 : As popular unrest sweeps Communist regimes from power tn Eastern Europe, Gorbachev declines to intervene and Foreign Ministry spokesman Gennady Gerasimov says each Eastern European country Is now on its own.
May 25: Gorbachev persuades the Congress of Peoples Deputies, or 2.25O-member Soviet Parliament, to create a true presidency with stronger powers, is elected to the post.
April 25: Gorbachev sweeps 1 10 aging members of the Brezhncv-era leadership out
of top jobs and surrounds himself with technocrats and reformers.
May 25: Gorbachev persuades the Congress of People's Deputies to create a true presidency, is elected to the post.
1990: Feb 4 : Rallies in Moscow for democracy attract crowds of up to 300,000 on eve of Gorbachev speech to Central Committee plenum In which he proposes the communist Party give up its 'leading role' and embrace a multiparty system.
March 15: Gorbachev reelected president by Congress of People's Deputies. Next presidential election, in 1995, is to be by popular vote.
May 29: Rival Boris Yeltsin wins presidency of Russian republic. the largest, richest and most populous of the Soviet Union's 15 republics.
July 15: 28th Party Congress and Gorbachev ratify the withdrawal of the Communist Party from running the country of 290 million residents.
Oct 15: Gorbachev wins Nobel Peace Prize for his role in arms treaties and ending the Cold War.
Dec 20 ; Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze resigns, warning that dictatorship is imminent, Gorbachev seeking expanded powers.
1991: Jan 2: Soviet Interior Ministry troops seize entrance to Latvia's main publishing house in Riga, six days after it announced plans to become an’Independent country
1991: Jan 13: Soviet troops storm Lithuania's radio-television center in Vilnius. Fourteen people are killed, more than 200 injured.
Aug 18: Military hardliners launch coup against Gorbachev two days before the signing of Union Treaty to give increased powers to the republics. Yeltsin rallies the opposition, the coup collapses Aug 21. Within days, the three Baltic republics bolt from the Soviet Union.
Dec 1: Ukraine, the second most powerful republic, overwhelmingly votes for Independence.
Dec 8: A new Commonwealth of independent states is announced incorporating the Slavic republics of Russia, Ukraine and Byelorussia. . Its leaders say the Soviet Union has ceased to exist politically.
Dec 19: Yeltsin takes control of the Kremlin, including Gorbachev's office and all Soviet central government agencies except the defense and nuclear energy ministries.
Dec 21: Leaders of 1 1 sovereign republics meet In Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, to sign a Commonwealth agreement. Georgia Is only republic not to join the Commonwealth.
Dec 22: European Community agrees to recognise the Russian republic as the successor to the Soviet Union.
Dec 25 : Gorbachev resigns.