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Intense bombing not always decisive in past battles
LONDON. January 28 : Al lied commander* in the Oulf
of Iraqi target* Is the heaviest in history • some past engagements that started similarly, however, have ended miserably for the bomber*. report* AP.
- If you have a high quality opponent, bombardment alone will not prevail." Peter Simkin*, historian at the Imperial War Museum, said
The allied forces arc fight Ing In different terrain than in the two world wars, and wi.h vastly different weapons against an Iraqi army of still unknown capability to with stand aerial punishment. But Simkins cautioned that they should still heed the lessons learned by their predecessors.
In the Second World War. in Monte Cassino and I suggest In Iwo Jima. Okinawa and Normandy, we enjoyed naval and air superiority. Yet despite enjoying these factors, we did not have an easy time, he said.
Bitter lesson
His colleague. Laurie Milner. said British forces teamed a similarly bitter lesson in the disastrous first battle of the Somme. In France, tn World War I.
The British infantry was under the impression that there weren't any (German) men alive in Ute trenches, or if Uhv were, they would be happy lo surrender.' Milner said.
Al the Somme in 1916. the British deployed 1.537 guns, one every 20 yards (meters) . It was said to the greatest concentration of firepower up to that time, and II barraged the Garman trenches for a week .
When the Britain infantry attacked on July I. marching slowly in compact formations, it was torn apart by machine guns.
The British suffered 21.392 dead - the worst day In British Army history.
Milner noted that the British commanders at the Somme didn't have the detailed aerial surveillance available today. Nor have the allies exuded the bullheaded optimism displayed al the Somme by the British commander. Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig.
"In the early discussion*. Haig had said that corps wen not to attack until their commanders were satisfied that the enemy's defenses had been sufficiently destroyed: but this condition seems to have been dropped as time passed." ac cording lo the official History of the War.
1944 assault
In the 1944 assault on Monte Casslno In Italy, allied forces encountered furious opposition from German forces which survived bombardment that had reduced the hilltop monastery tn rubble.
The allies set up the invasion of Iwo Jima by a then-unprecedented bombardment or the Pacific-6.800 tons (6.2 million kilometers) of bombs, followed by 22.000 shells in a three-du) naval pounding before the Invasion on Feb. 19. 1945
U.S. forces took 27.499 casualties before the fighting ended in June, agalnsi a Japanese garrison estimated lo have no more than 23.000 men.
In Normandy, though the Germans " resisted us In their usual June professional wav their resistance may have Ih-cii a lot worse" without the pre Invasion bombing . Simkins said.
During the first week of the Gulf war. the multinational forces flew an estimated 8.000 bombing missions in what U.S. military officials described as virtually a non-stop assault. No figures have been given for the amount of bombs dropped.
Cen. H. Norman Schwarzkopf, leader of the U.S forces in the Gulf region, told reporter* in Riyadh th.il U.S. warplanes on Saturday blew up five mile* (eight kilometer*) of pipeline* that feed oil from storage tanks to the terminal
He said Intelligence reports sliowcd that the flow of oil Into the Gulf slowed after the U.S. alUuk.
Most efforts centered on protecting the critical desalt nation plants which provide two-thirds of the Gulfs 18 mil lion people with drinking waler.
Turtles, dolphins, whales, wa cows, fish and birds will probably be slaughtered by t1w spill, experts said.